What element of dualism emphasizes observable phenomena over metaphysical claims?

The element of dualism that emphasizes observable phenomena over metaphysical claims is empirical evidence. Empirical evidence is grounded in experiences and observations that can be measured or tested, making it a key component when discussing the relationship between the mind and body within dualistic frameworks. In philosophical discussions, especially those addressing the existence of the mind as a distinct entity from the body, empirical evidence focuses on what can be observed and verified through sensory experiences.

This approach allows for the evaluation of dualism based on real-world phenomena rather than abstract concepts that cannot be tested or observed. It supports arguments that aim to showcase the compatibility or conflict between physical processes and mental experiences, providing a more scientific and tangible grounding for discussions about dualistic theories, such as those proposed by Descartes.

Other options like reasoning, observation, and intuition do play roles in philosophical discussions but do not carry the same emphasis on verifiable and testable evidence as empirical evidence does. Reasoning can lead to conclusions that are not necessarily based on observable phenomena, observation might be seen as a broader category that includes more than just empirical testing, and intuition involves an immediate form of understanding that may not be based on empirical evidence.