What factor can alter one's perception of religious experiences, according to critics?

The perception of religious experiences can be significantly altered by mind-altering substances. This perspective is supported by critics who argue that the use of drugs or other psychoactive substances can lead to altered states of consciousness, which may resemble or mimic spiritual experiences. These substances can induce feelings of transcendence, unity, or intense emotional experiences that individuals might interpret as religious, even if such experiences are the result of biochemical changes in the brain rather than genuine encounters with the divine.

For example, neurotransmitters in the brain can create feelings of euphoria or connectedness, prompting individuals to describe their sensations in spiritual terminology. Critics highlight that this means such experiences, while vivid and impactful, may not be objectively valid religious encounters but rather interpretations of brain chemistry influenced by external factors like drugs.

While cultural influences, personal beliefs, and scientific understanding can all play a role in shaping how individuals interpret religious experiences, the direct chemical alteration of perception through mind-altering substances is a unique factor that can radically change a person's experience and understanding of the divine.