Which criticism states that just because there is a visible cause does not guarantee there is an effect?

The criticism that highlights the distinction between a visible cause and the guarantee of an effect is often encapsulated in the phrase "correlation does not imply causation." This means that just because two events may occur together or are correlated does not mean that one event causes the other. In many cases, the connection between the two could be coincidental, or there could be another factor that influences both. Therefore, this criticism calls for caution when interpreting data or claims that suggest a direct causal relationship based solely on observation. It emphasizes the need for further evidence to establish causal links rather than assuming that visible causes automatically lead to identifiable effects. This understanding is crucial in fields like philosophy, science, and statistics, where the integrity of arguments often relies on accurately discerning cause-and-effect relationships.